Category Archives: Opinion

New Proposal on Fracking Gives Ground to Industry

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Article in the NY Times.  New proposed bill requires O&G companies to disclose the chemicals they use in fracking.  GREAT.  Oh wait.  They don’t have to disclose them until after they have completed the drilling.  Hmmm.  That seems to defeat the purpose.

WASHINGTON — The Obama administration on Friday issued a proposed rule governing hydraulic fracturing for oil and gas on public lands that will for the first time require disclosure of the chemicals used in the process.

But in a significant concession to the oil industry, companies will have to reveal the composition of fluids only after they have completed drilling — a sharp change from the government’s original proposal, which would have required disclosure of the chemicals 30 days before a well could be started.

Read more at the NY Times >>

SWTO SuperPost 05.04.2012

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Ladies and gents, sorry for our absence.  There is renewed interest in spending time maintaining this site, as we have primarily been relying on our Facebook page to deliver headlines, but we will begin to again post periodic items here as well.  Facebook is certainly the place for up to the minute news, we urge you to check out our group and request to join.  The communities and activists that are now binding together in an effort to protect our limited water supply is mind-bending!  It was just two years ago most were saying “what’s fracking?”  Look how far we have come, folks,

Please dig deep and continue your efforts!  You are our only hope.  Thanks for all that you do.

The masses now know that fracking is a high-risk operation, that regulations are too lax, that inspectors are barely existent, and that the worse case scenario, meaning a water supply being contaminated – yes, that can happen.  That has happened.  That happens.

Still unclear on that?  Goto google.com and enter “water contamination fracking” and have fun.  You will read some arguments that fracking is not the problem.  Keep reading.  It doesn’t take long to get the idea.

And here’s a few random related headlines to get you going:

SCIENCE: Peer-Reviewed Study: Fracking Fluids May Migrate to Aquifers, Researcher Says – http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-05-03/fracking-fluids-may-migrate-to-aquifers-researcher-says

ACTION: Help the Delaware Riverkeeper protect the Delaware from Gas Drilling – http://www.delawareriverkeeper.org/act-now/urgent-details.aspx?Id=109

SCIENCE: Scientists predict groundwater contamination in as little as 10 years, they’re talking about the wastewater seeping up through the limestone from 7000 feet down.  So much for that wastewater staying put.  What goes down must come up.  http://www.marcellusprotest.org/myers_17Apr2012

ACTION: Get the Facts on Fracking Wastewater webinar – http://eany.convio.net/site/Calendar?view=Detail&id=100221&autologin=true&AddInterest=1081

ACTION: “Stop the Frack Attack” Call to Action – http://www.stopthefrackattack.org/call-to-action/

NEWS: Dirty dealings of the industry: http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/02/us-chesapeake-mcclendon-hedge-idUSBRE8410GG20120502

NEWS: Dory Hippauf, an absolute champion of the cause, offers: Connecting the Dots: The Marcellus Natural Gas Play Players – http://commonsense2.com/2011/12/naturalgasdrilling/connecting-the-dots-the-marcellus-natural-gas-play-players-part-1/

VIDEO: One woman’s mystery medical saga, hear her speak – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6hB33D105ak&feature=share

NEWS: Residents Fed Up with Bad Water Flee Shale Drilling Areas – http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/2012/04/30/residents-fed-up-with-bad-water-flee-shale-drilling-areas/

ACTION: Support New Yorkers against Fracking – http://www.nyagainstfracking.org/#.T5rgv4vOKmk.facebook

LETTERS: Letter to the Editor – Marcellus Issues – So Sure of Permitting they Don’t Bother Following Construction Dates  – http://doddridgenews.com/letter-to-the-editor-marcellus-issues/

SCIENCE: Updated Cornell Study Shows Fracking Causes More Global Warming Than Coal – http://inhabitat.com/updated-cornell-study-shows-fracking-causes-more-global-warming-than-coal/

BLOGS: Frack Waste Causing Fish Cancer? – http://keeptapwatersafe.org/2012/04/17/frack-waste-causing-fish-cancer/

VIDEO: The untested science of fracking, 16-minute video, worth a look – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iEHz8SSfFJs

SCIENCE: The Fracking Frenzy’s Impact on Women – http://www.commondreams.org/view/2012/04/04-3

VIDEO: Couldn’t help it, children talking about fracking – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIFP0bk_AaY

SCIENCE: Confirmed, Fracking Tied to Unusual Rise in Earthquakes in U.S. – http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-04-12/earthquake-outbreak-in-central-u-dot-s-dot-tied-to-drilling-wastewater

SCIENCE: Another one for good measure, study conducted by the USGS – http://www.frackcheckwv.net/2012/04/10/deep-well-injections-cause-increased-earthquake-activity/

VIDEO: Ignitable Drinking Water in Candor, NY, Above Marcellus Shale – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEtgvwllNpg

NEWS: Doctors Forbidden From Sharing Info With Fracking Victims (seriously?) – http://greenglobaltravel.com/2012/03/27/eco-news-doctors-forbidden-from-sharing-info-with-patients-exposed-to-effects-of-fracking/

ACTION: Donate to SavetheWaterTable.org today to help us continue the fight to protect our water!  Many thanks!

And to all, keep up the good fight.

Myths in the Public Relations Messages from the Gas Industry

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Source : FrackCheckWV
by Duane Nichols on 12.20.2011

Four myths frequently reported by the gas industry were recently described by Professor Anthony Ingraffea, who is a Faculty Fellow at the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future at Cornell University:

Myth 1. Fracking is a 60-year-old, safe, well proven technology – -

Yes, fracking is 60 years old. But using this shorthand obscures the truth that what’s at issue here isn’t really just fracking. It’s the entire process of coaxing gas from shale using high-volume, slickwater fracking with long laterals from clustered, multi-well pads. Used together, they form a new process, having been introduced about five six years ago, the jury is still very much out on its safety.

Myth 2. Fluid migration from faulty wells is rare – – -

Fluid migration is not rare. For example, industry researchers Watson and Bachu, in a Society of Petroleum Engineers paper in 2009, examined 352,000 Canadian wells and found sustained casing pressure and gas migration. They found that about 12 per cent of newer wells leaked, considerably more than older wells. Also, EPA found benzene, methane and chemicals in water-monitoring wells in Pavilion, Wyoming.

Myth 3. The use of clustered, multi-well drilling pads reduces surface impacts – – -

Such pad sites are large and growing, up to 10 acres or more. Newer sites, in Canada, are bigger than 50 acres, and each will leave behind clusters of wellheads and holding tanks for decades. Cluster drilling facilitates and prolongs intense industrialization and leaves a larger, more concentrated, and very long-term footprint, not a smaller and shorter one.

Myth 4. Natural gas is a “clean” fossil fuel – – -

The newest evidence here is discouraging. NASA climate scientist Drew Shindell’s work, published in Science, shows that methane (i.e. natural gas) is 105 times more powerful than carbon dioxide as a global warming contributor over a 20-year time horizon, and 33 times more powerful over a century. Unfortunately, unconventional gas drilling techniques actually leak more methane than conventional ones. Leakage happens routinely during regular drilling, fracking and flowback operations, liquid unloading, processing, and along pipelines and at storage facilities.

Other myths were also mentioned in the article: “There are plenty of other myths swirling around this debate which require analysis: local job-creation versus the reality of imported expertise from Oklahoma and Texas; development of a home-grown resource versus selling gas on the world markets; revitalized, vibrant local economies versus boom-and-bust syndromes of strangled small business investment and profits sent to Norway or China; natural gas as a short-term bridge fuel to renewables, versus an impediment to developing the long-term sustainable energy future.

“Endless Pressure, Endlessly Applied” to the Marcellus Select Committee

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From our friends over at the Sierra Club – please take a few minutes and make some phonecalls today for the cause!

Actually, with your help we won’t have to apply pressure endlessly to get the Marcellus gas bill we need – but we do need to apply it now!

The Select Committee working on the Marcellus bill has made some real progress. They have added several amendments to the bill that came out of the West Virginia Senate in March but didn’t pass the House because of time constraints. The bill is a good start, and the amendments are filling in critical elements.

We need to apply that seemingly “endless pressure” when the committee meets again this week. Why?

We need to thank the committee for the good work they have done so far. Specifically, we need to give them kudos for passing some very important amendments to the bill, amendments that fill in some of the critical protections missing in the bill. The committee members are human, too, and a little positive feedback can only help our cause.

There are still some very important amendments left that the committee needs to pass and add to the bill. We need to “endlessly apply” the pressure by strongly urging them to do that.

Read on for more details:

  • What the amendments we still need are about.
  • The dates when you should take action.
  • Select Committee membership and phone numbers.
  • Suggested “talking points” you can use, if you want, to frame your comment.

1. The amendments we still need.

Pending – Casing and Cement Requirements – Bolstering casing and cementing requirements. Groundwater is at risk when casing and cementing are not adequate or done properly, or when cementing is not allowed to cure properly. This is where we now see most of the risk to groundwater.    It should be required to monitor and control annulus pressure, permanently retain complete well cementing records, carefully define protected water supplies and create standardized investigation procedures.

Pending – Surface Owners Agreement – Protecting the landowner in case of damage from drilling operations.    Like the rest of the bill, applicability is limited to horizontal wells only.  Surface owners have been asking for similar requirements for ALL wells for more than 4 years.  And folks really need more time.  They only have 20 days to accept or reject the proposed surface use and compensation agreement and after 30 days if there is no agreement the driller can begin operations after posting a surety bond of $25,000.   60 days would be more reasonable.

Pending – Well Location Restrictions – Keeping wells and well pads a safe distance (1000 feet) from water wells, springs, homes, barns, etc. With current technology, operators can drill horizontally 12,000 feet (more than 2 miles), so there’s no reason they need to be closer than 1,000 feet from peoples’ homes.
Even that may not be far enough away and the amendment allows the driller to get a variance.  A firm 1,000 feet would be more protective.  There is concern that DEP will just rubber stamp and go along with any excuse/reason the companies come up with for why they need a variance. If they can be closer there should at least be some other conditions/standards that the driller has to meet.  There is language in the proposed amendment that gives that discretion to the DEP, but it would be better to spell out what those conditions should be. For example, there are specific things they could do to mitigate noise from the sites, which is what most complaints are about.

Pending – Protection of Water Supplies – Well operator is responsible for the pollution of a water supply that is within 2,500 feet of a horizontal gas well. The draft of the amendment we saw included a six-month limitation on claims of contamination.  This is insufficient, to say the least.   When a contaminant plume enters an aquifer it may take years, or decades to pass by an individual well.

2. We are asking everyone to call ANY or ALL members of the Select Committee Today

TUESDAY, OCTOBER 11. They will meet at 4PM Wednesday Oct. 12 and 10AM Thursday Oct. 13 in the Capitol in Charleston. Calling on Wednesday before their 4PM meeting will also be good. The committee members will be there, and their staffers, who can answer the phone and take your message.

3. Joint Select Committee on Marcellus Shale – members and their Capitol phone numbers

Senate Members

Senator Doug Facemire – Chair – (304) 357-7845

Senator Karen Facemyer – (304) 357-7855

Senator Orphy  Klempa – (304) 357-7918

Senator Corey Palumbo – (304) 357-7880

Senator Herb Snyder – (304) 357-7957

House Members

Delegate Tim Manchin – Chair – (304) 340-3166

Delegate Bill Anderson – (304) 340-3168

Delegate Thomas Campbell – (304) 340-3280

Delegate Barbara Fleischauer – (304) 340-3169

Delegate Woody Ireland – (304) 340-3195

4. Talking Points when you call the senators and delegates on the Select Committee. [names and phone numbers above]

  • Be courteous and respectful. Remember you get more with honey than with vinegar.
  • Be brief, and stay focused. Make your point, and don’t let the person you’re talking with change the subject. Stick to your intended message.
  • Thank the senator or delegate for what the Select Committee has accomplished thus far. The Committee has passed 22 important amendments strengthening the bill. However, thank the Committee, not the individual – that senator or delegate may, or may not, have voted for the good amendments.
  • Ask the Committee to “finish its work,” by passing the remaining pending amendments. See above for what those amendments are.
  • Call as many Select Committee members as you can, please!

Once the Select Committee has finished its work, we will need to do more, when the bill and amendments have to go to the whole Legislature for its approval. We’ll need to renew the famous “endless pressure” again at that time.

Thank you so much for all you do for the West Virginia environment.

Chuck Wyrostok
Sierra Club Outreach Organizer
Toll free 877 252 0257
E: outreach@marcellus-wv.com
www.marcellus-wv.com

Corporate Greenwashing And Other Questionable ‘Green’ Ads

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This fantastic article shares 11 corporate videos that utilize “greenwashing” (from Wikipedia, “a form of spin in which green PR or green marketing is deceptively used to promote the perception that a company’s policies or products are environmentally friendly“); The Huffington Post editors help set the record straight by offering commentary and counterpoints on each video.

Source : Huffington Post

Maintaining effective public relations and a positive image with the public are important parts of doing business. But for some companies, this task can prove quite difficult when their products and services clash with public and environmental safety.

For example, ExxonMobil claims environmental safety and low emissions in their ads for natural gas fracking and Canadian oil sands operations. Important figures have come out against both hydraulic fracturing and oil sands production as dangerous practices with lasting consequences.

Read more >>

Protect the Children

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PEHSU Information on Natural Gas Extraction and Hydraulic Fracturing for Health Professionals

The Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Units (PEHSU) Network encourage families, pediatricians, and communities to work together to ensure that children are protected from exposure to environmental hazards.

Background: Natural gas extraction from shale is a complex process which includes: 1) building access roads, centralized water and flowback holding ponds and of the site itself ; 2) construction of pipe lines and compressor stations; 3) drilling ; 4) hydraulic fracturing; 5) capturing the natural gas; 6) and disposal (or recycling) of, flowback water and drill cuttings.

Hydraulic fracturing, also known as hydrofracking or fracking, uses a combination of water, sand, and chemicals injected into the ground under high pressure to release natural gas. The HF process is also used in some parts of the country for extracting oil. This process has become much more common in the US over the last decade. It was first used for natural gas in Colorado, Wyoming, and Texas. The practice has recently spread into other states, including West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New York.

August 2011

Health Issues: Questions regarding the possible health effects of Natural gas extraction/Hydraulic fracturing (NGE/HF) have been raised about water and air quality. To ensure that children’s health is part of the ongoing evaluation of possible human health effects of NGE/HF, the Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit (PEHSU) network, which consists of experts throughout the country dedicated to preventing adverse pediatric health outcomes from environmental causes, developed this fact sheet. A distinct challenge in discussing these possible health effects is the lack of research regarding the human health effects of NGE/HF. Most of the research to date focuses on ecosystem health. Because many questions remain unanswered, the PEHSU network recommends a precautionary approach to toxicants in general and to the NGE/HF process specifically.

Water Contamination: One of the potential routes of exposure to toxics from the NGE/HF process is the contamination of drinking water, including public water supplies and private wells. This can occur when geologic fractures extend into groundwater or from leaks from the natural gas well if it passes through the water table. In addition, drilling fluid, chemical spills, and disposal pit leaks may contaminate surface water supplies. A study conducted in New York and Pennsylvania found that methane contamination of private drinking water wells was associated with proximity to active natural gas drilling. (Osborne SG, et al., 2011). While many of the chemicals used in the drilling and fracking process are proprietary, the list includes benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene, ethylene glycol, glutaraldehyde and other biocides, hydrochloric acid, and hydrogen treated light petroleum distillates. These substances have a wide spectrum of potential toxic effects on humans ranging from cancer to adverse effects on the reproductive, neurological, and endocrine systems (ATSDR, Colborn T, et al, U.S. EPA 2009).

Air Pollution: Sources of air pollution around a drilling facility include diesel exhaust from the use of machinery and heavy trucks, and fugitive emissions from the drilling and NGE/HF processes. These air pollutants are associated with a spectrum of adverse health outcomes in humans. Increases in particulate matter air pollution, for example, have been linked to respiratory illnesses, wheezing in infants, cardiovascular events, and premature death (Laden F, et al, Lewtas J, Ryan PH, et al, Sacks JD, et al). Since each fracturing event at each well requires up to 2,400 industrial truck trips, residents near the site and along the truck routes may be exposed to increased levels of these air pollutants (New York State DECDMR, 2009).
Volatile organic compounds can escape capture from the wells and combine with nitrogen oxides to produce ground-level ozone (CDPHE 2008, CDPHE 2010). Due to its inflammatory effects on the respiratory tract, ground-level ozone has been linked to asthma exacerbations and respiratory deaths. Elevated ozone levels have been found in rural areas of Wyoming, partially attributed to natural gas drilling in these locations. (Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality, 2010). In an air sampling study from 2005 to 2007 conducted in Colorado, researchers found that air benzene concentrations approached or exceeded health-based standards at sites associated with oil or gas drilling (Garfield County PHD, 2007). Benzene exposure during pregnancy has been associated with neural tube defects (Lupo PJ, et al), decreased birth parameters (Slama R, et al., 2009), and childhood leukemia (Whitworth KW, et al., 2008).

Noise Pollution: Noise pollution from the drilling process and resulting truck traffic has not been optimally evaluated, but since drilling sites have been located in close proximity to housing in many locations, noise from these industrial sources might impact sleep, and that has been associated with negative effects on learning and other aspects of daily living (Stansfeld SA, et al., 2003, WHO 2011).

Special Susceptibility of Children: Children are more vulnerable to environmental hazards. They eat, drink, and breathe more than adults on a pound for pound basis. Research has also shown that children are not able to metabolize some toxicants as well as adults due to immature detoxification processes. Moreover, the fetus and young child are in a critical period of development when toxic exposures can have profound negative effects.

Recommendations: In light of the lack of research investigating the potential adverse human health effects from gas and oil well operations located in close proximity to human habitation, as well as considering the unique vulnerability of children, the PEHSU network recommends the following:

  • Continuing the surveillance of water quality, noise levels, and air pollution in areas where NGE/HF sites are located near communities.
  • Monitoring the health impacts of persons living in the area, preferably with cohort studies.
  • Increasing the awareness of community healthcare providers about the possible health consequences of exposures from the NGE/HF processes, including occupational exposures to workers and the issue of take-home toxics (e.g., clothing and boots contaminated with drilling muds).
  • Disclosure of all chemicals used in the drilling and NGE/HF and product dewatering to ensure that acute exposures are handled appropriately and to ensure that surveillance programs are optimized.
  • Given the short half-lives of volatile organic compounds and the fact that many of the NGE/HF chemicals have not been disclosed, biologic testing should not be pursued unless there has been a known, direct exposure.
  • In addition to the annual testing for coliforms and nitrates recommended by the U.S. EPA and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the AAP guidance recommends that families with private drinking water wells in NGE/HF areas should consider testing the wells before drilling begins and on a regular basis thereafter for chloride, sodium, barium, strontium, and VOCs in consultation with their local or state health department.

As invaluable resources for their local, state, and regional communities, health professionals should advocate for human health effects to be a part of the discussion regarding NGE/HF.
For further information, please contact your regional Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit, available at www.pehsu.net.

References

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2007. Toxicological profile for Benzene. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.

American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Committee on Environmental Health and Committee on Infectious Disease. Drinking Water from Private Wells and Risks to Children. Pediatrics 2009;123:1599-1605.

Colborn T, Kwiatkowski C, Schultz K, Bachran M. Natural Gas Operations from a Public Health Perspective. IN PRESS: Accepted for publication in the International Journal of Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, September 4, 2010. Expected publication: September-October 2011.

Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE). Public Health Implications of Ambient Air Exposures as Measured in Rural and Urban Oil & Gas Development Areas – an Analysis of 2008 Air Sampling Data, Garfield County, Colorado. 2010.

Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE). Public Health Implications of Ambient Air Exposures to Volatile Organic Compounds as Measured in Rural, Urban, and Oil & Gas Development Areas, Garfield County, Colorado. 2008.

Etzel RA, ed., American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Committee on Environmental Health. Noise. In: Pediatric Environmental Health. 2nd ed. Elk Gove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2003:311-321.

Friedman MS, Powell KE, Hutwagner L, Graham LM, Teague WG. Impact of changes in transportation and commuting behaviors during the 1996 Summer Olympic games in Atlanta on air quality and childhood asthma. JAMA 2001;285:897-905.

Garfield County Public Health Department (GCPHD). Garfield County Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Study June 2005-May 2007. G. C. P. H. Department. Garfield County, CO.
Laden F, Neas LM, Dockery DW, Schwartz J. Association of fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six U.S. Cities. Environ Health Perspect. 2000 October; 108(10): 941–947.

Lewtas J. Air pollution combustion emissions: Characterization of causative agents and mechanisms associated with cancer, reproductive, and cardiovascular effects. Mutat Res. 2007 Nov-Dec; 636(1-3):95-133.

Lupo PJ, Symanski E, Waller DK, Chan W, Langlois PH, Canfield MA, Mitchell LE. 2011. Maternal Exposure to Ambient Levels of Benzene and Neural Tube Defects among Offspring: Texas, 1999–2004. Environ Health Perspect 119:397-402.

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Division of Mineral Resources. Draft Supplemental Generic Environmental Impact Statement On The Oil, Gas and Solution Mining Regulatory Program. 2009.

Osborn SG, Vengosh A, Warner NR, Jackson RB. Methane contamination of drinking water accompanying gas-well drilling and hydraulic fracturing. PNAS 2011. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1100682108

Pandya RJ, Solomon G, Kinner A, Balmes JR. Diesel Exhaust and Asthma: Hypotheses and Molecular Mechanisms of Action. Environ Health Perspect 110(suppl 1):103-112 (2002).
Rodier, PM. Developing brain as a target of toxicity. Environ Health Perspect. 1995 Sept; 103(Suppl 6):73-76.

Ryan PH, LeMasters GK, Biswas P, Levin L, Hu S, Lindsey M, Bernstein DI, Lockey J, Villareal M, Khurana Hershey GK, Grinshpun SA. A Comparison of Proximity and Land Use Regression Traffic Exposure Models and Wheezing in Infants. Environ Health Perspect. 2007; 115:278-284.

Sacks JD, Stanek LW, Luben TJ, Johns DO, Buckley BJ, Brown JS, et al. 2011. Particulate Matter–Induced Health Effects: Who Is Susceptible? Environ Health Perspect 119:446-454.

Slama R, Thiebaugeorges O, Goua V, Aussel L, Sacco P, Bohet A, et al. 2009. Maternal Personal Exposure to Airborne Benzene and Intrauterine Growth. Environ Health Perspect 117:1313-1321.

Stansfeld SA, Matheson MP. Noise pollution: non-auditory effects on health. British Medical Bulletin 2003; 68: 243–257.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Outdoor Air – Industry, Business, and Home: Oil and Natural Gas Production – Additional Information. http://www.epa.gov/oaqps001/community/details/oil- gas_addl_info.html. Last updated 06/05/09. Accessed 04/21/11.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health assessment document for diesel engine exhaust. Prepared by the National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, for the Office of Transportation and Air Quality; EPA/600/8-90/057F. Available from: National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA; PB2002-107661, and http://www.epa.gov/ncea

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Private Drinking Water Wells. http://water.epa.gov/drink/info/well/faq.cfm. Last updated 05/04/11. Accessed 04/29/11.

Whitworth KW, Symanski E, Coker AL 2008. Childhood Lymphohematopoietic Cancer Incidence and Hazardous Air Pollutants in Southeast Texas, 1995–2004. Environ Health Perspect 116:1576-1580.

World Health Organization. Burden of disease from environmental noise – Quantification of healthy life years lost in Europe. 2011.

Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality. Ozone Nonattainment Information Proposed Ozone Nonattainment Area – Sublette County and Portions of Lincoln and Sweetwater Counties. Last updated January 2010. http://deq.state.wy.us/aqd/Ozone%20Nonattainment%20Information.asp Accessed 6/17/2011.

This material was developed by the Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics (AOEC) and funded under the cooperative agreement award number 1U61TS000118-02 from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR).

Acknowledgement: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) supports the PEHSU by providing funds to ATSDR under Inter-Agency Agreement number DW-75-92301301-0. Neither EPA nor ATSDR endorse the purchase of any commercial products or services mentioned in PEHSU publications.